Pregnancy / Breastfeeding

diabetes medications | blood thinners | pregnancy/breastfeeding

Herbs & Botanicals - Evidence: emerging

Calcium supplements and high-calcium meals can interfere with iron absorption in some contexts, so timing may matter when iron repletion is being managed.

5 linked items - Anemia and low ferritin need cause-based evaluation. Do not self-treat with iron without appropriate testing and clinician guidance, especially for children, pregnancy, gastrointestinal bleeding, heavy periods, chronic disease, or possible iron overload.

Chamomile has preliminary anxiety research and traditional relaxation use, but evidence is not conclusive and allergy, pregnancy, sedative, and anticoagulant contexts matter. | Passionflower has limited anxiety research and traditional relaxation use; sedation and pregnancy cautions should be reviewed before concentrated products. | Valerian is used for sleep and relaxation, but NCCIH says evidence is insufficient for anxiety and sedation cautions matter. | Caffeine can worsen anxiety, panic, sleep disruption, or heart-racing symptoms in sensitive people or at higher intakes. | Ashwagandha has stress/anxiety study context, but thyroid, pregnancy, autoimmune, liver, sedative, and medication cautions are important.

10 linked items - Persistent anxiety, panic attacks, trauma symptoms, severe insomnia, substance use, medication changes, pregnancy, or thoughts of self-harm need qualified care. Seek urgent or emergency help for thoughts of self-harm, feeling unsafe, severe panic with chest pain or fainting, psychosis, mania, or major behavior changes. Supplements can interact with medicines and should not replace therapy, medication, or urgent mental-health support.

pregnancy/breastfeeding | thyroid disease | autoimmune disease | liver disease | sedatives

Herbs & Botanicals - Evidence: promising

pregnancy/breastfeeding | autoimmune disease | diabetes medications | blood pressure medications | insomnia

Herbs & Botanicals - Evidence: emerging

autoimmune disease | immunosuppression | transplant medications | pregnancy/breastfeeding

Herbs & Botanicals - Evidence: traditional use

sedatives | pregnancy/breastfeeding

Additional Bioactives - Evidence: promising

bee-product allergy | pollen allergy | pregnancy/breastfeeding

Bee Products - Evidence: traditional use

pregnancy/breastfeeding | diabetes medications | blood pressure medications | antibiotics | infants

Herbs & Botanicals - Evidence: promising

liver disease | pregnancy/breastfeeding | hormone-sensitive conditions | product quality

Herbs & Botanicals - Evidence: emerging

Berberine has meta-analysis evidence for glucose and lipid markers, but it carries important medication, pregnancy, breastfeeding, antibiotic, transplant, and infant cautions. | Cinnamon is studied for glucose and lipid marker contexts, but species, coumarin content, liver disease, anticoagulants, and diabetes medications matter. | Added sugars can crowd out nutrient-rich foods and are limited in dietary guidance.

7 linked items - Diabetes, prediabetes, hypoglycemia, pregnancy, kidney disease, and glucose-lowering medications require clinician guidance. Supplements can alter medication effects and lab markers.

pregnancy/breastfeeding | sleep | anxiety | heart rhythm | blood pressure

Sports & Performance - Evidence: established use

ragweed allergy | sedatives | blood thinners | pregnancy/breastfeeding

Herbs & Botanicals - Evidence: traditional use

hormone-sensitive conditions | pregnancy/breastfeeding | fertility treatment | hormone medications

Herbs & Botanicals - Evidence: promising

National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health - Acquired 2026-08-03 - Traditional / Safety Reference

liver disease | product quality | pregnancy/breastfeeding

Herbs & Botanicals - Evidence: emerging

warfarin | allergy | pregnancy/breastfeeding | GI effects

Greens & Superfoods - Evidence: emerging

LactMed / NCBI Bookshelf - Acquired 2026-07-26 - Academic Review

Usually tracks with high sodium chloride intake | May contribute to high blood pressure risk when salt intake is high

macromineral - Symptom reference

liver disease | blood thinners | diabetes medications

Herbs & Botanicals - Evidence: emerging

kidney disease | pregnancy/breastfeeding | complex medical conditions

Brain & Cognitive - Evidence: established use

Omega-3 supplements are studied for depression, but NCCIH says it is uncertain whether they help depression symptoms. | Saffron has meta-analysis evidence in depressive-symptom contexts, but mood symptoms and antidepressant use require medical care and product/dose review. | Vitamin D status is often discussed in mood contexts, but supplementation should follow ordinary DRI/UL, testing, and safety context rather than broad depression claims. | Ashwagandha may affect stress measures, but depression, antidepressant use, thyroid disease, pregnancy, liver concerns, and sedative use need clinician review.

7 linked items - Depression can be serious. Do not use supplements to replace conventional care or delay seeing a qualified professional. Suicidal thoughts, self-harm thoughts, feeling unsafe, mania, psychosis, severe depression, major behavior changes, or inability to function require urgent or emergency mental-health support.

pregnancy/breastfeeding | blood thinners | hormone-sensitive conditions | surgery

Herbs & Botanicals - Evidence: traditional use

product preparation | pregnancy/breastfeeding | autoimmune disease

Herbs & Botanicals - Evidence: traditional use

The UL applies to folic acid from supplements and fortified foods, not naturally occurring food folate.

vitamin - RDA 400 µg DFE/day

UL applies to synthetic folic acid from supplements and fortified foods | High intake can mask B12 deficiency signs

Folate - Fortified grains, Prenatal vitamins, Multivitamins, Folic acid supplements

blood thinners | bleeding risk | surgery | reflux | pregnancy/breastfeeding

Herbs & Botanicals - Evidence: promising

National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health - Acquired 2026-07-26 - Traditional / Safety Reference

blood thinners | bleeding risk | surgery | pregnancy/breastfeeding | gallbladder disease

Herbs & Botanicals - Evidence: promising

liver disease | sedatives | pregnancy/breastfeeding

Herbs & Botanicals - Evidence: emerging

Silica is marketed for hair, skin, nails, and connective tissue, but claim-level evidence and product identity need more review before strong wording.

6 linked items - Hair loss and brittle nails can come from genetics, thyroid disease, iron deficiency, autoimmune disease, illness, stress, medications, pregnancy/postpartum changes, or inadequate intake. High-dose biotin can also interfere with lab tests.

Berberine has meta-analysis evidence for glucose and lipid markers, but has important medication, pregnancy, breastfeeding, and infant cautions. | Glycyrrhizin-containing licorice can raise blood pressure, lower potassium, and create heart rhythm concerns.

6 linked items - Heart disease, high blood pressure, arrhythmia, anticoagulants, statins, and diabetes medications require clinician guidance before supplement changes.

pregnancy/breastfeeding | diabetes medications | blood thinners | fertility treatment

Herbs & Botanicals - Evidence: emerging

Elderberry is traditionally used in seasonal immune products, but raw or improperly prepared plant parts can be unsafe and claim-level evidence still needs review. | Astragalus is used traditionally in immune and vitality formulas, but autoimmune disease, immunosuppressants, transplant medicines, and pregnancy need caution.

7 linked items - Immune claims are often overstated. Autoimmune disease, immunosuppression, transplant medicines, pregnancy, cancer treatment, and serious illness require clinician guidance.

pregnancy/breastfeeding | fertility treatment | diabetes medications | GI effects

Additional Bioactives - Evidence: promising

Thyroid disease and medication contexts require clinician guidance

Iodine - Iodized salt, Multivitamins, Prenatal supplements, Iodine supplements

liver disease | alcohol | sedatives | driving | pregnancy/breastfeeding

Herbs & Botanicals - Evidence: promising

sedatives | pregnancy/breastfeeding | allergy | children

Herbs & Botanicals - Evidence: promising

blood pressure | low potassium | heart disease | kidney disease | pregnancy/breastfeeding

Herbs & Botanicals - Evidence: traditional use

children | pregnancy/breastfeeding | epilepsy | blood thinners | dementia

Additional Bioactives - Evidence: promising

National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health - Acquired 2026-08-03 - Traditional / Safety Reference

Omega-3-rich diets may be discussed in migraine contexts, but omega-3 supplements have not clearly reduced migraine frequency or severity in NCCIH framing. | Caffeine can acutely affect headache for some people but can also contribute to sleep disruption, withdrawal headache, anxiety, or individual migraine triggers.

5 linked items - New, severe, sudden, unusual, worsening, injury-related, fever-related, neurologic, pregnancy-related, or one-sided weakness/headache symptoms need medical care. Supplements should not delay diagnosis or replace migraine treatment.

Saffron is studied for mood-related outcomes, but product, dose, pregnancy, and medication context need deeper review before strong app claims.

7 linked items - Depression, anxiety, panic, suicidality, trauma symptoms, mania, or major behavior changes need qualified care. Botanicals can interact with sedatives, antidepressants, thyroid disease, pregnancy, liver disease, and other conditions.

6 linked items - Sports supplements are not automatically appropriate for pregnancy, kidney disease, heart rhythm issues, hypertension, medication-heavy contexts, or younger athletes.

pregnancy/breastfeeding | blood thinners | concentrated essential oils

Herbs & Botanicals - Evidence: traditional use

sedatives | pregnancy/breastfeeding

Herbs & Botanicals - Evidence: emerging

Omega-3 supplements are studied in PCOS marker contexts, including insulin-resistance and lipid markers, but high-dose use needs bleeding-risk review. | Chromium is studied in glucose and PCOS marker contexts, but evidence is not a reason for unsupervised high-dose use. | Vitamin D status is often discussed in PCOS, but supplementation should follow ordinary DRI/UL, testing, and safety context. | Berberine has glucose and lipid marker evidence but carries medication, pregnancy, breastfeeding, antibiotic, infant, and transplant cautions. | Cinnamon is studied for glucose markers and PCOS-related metabolic contexts, but species, coumarin, liver disease, anticoagulants, and diabetes medicines matter.

6 linked items - PCOS can involve menstrual irregularity, fertility concerns, metabolic risk, acne/hair growth changes, and mental-health burden. Supplements should not replace diagnosis, cycle evaluation, fertility care, or diabetes/cardiovascular-risk screening.

reflux | young children | pregnancy/breastfeeding

Herbs & Botanicals - Evidence: promising

Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid products are discussed for cramps and PMS symptoms, but product identity, dose, and evidence quality vary. | Chasteberry may help some PMS symptoms such as cyclical breast tenderness, but evidence quality and hormone-sensitive safety contexts matter. | Chamomile tea is commonly used for comfort and relaxation, but PMS-specific evidence is not established and allergy, sedative, anticoagulant, and pregnancy contexts matter.

7 linked items - Severe pain, heavy bleeding, irregular bleeding, fainting, anemia symptoms, pregnancy possibility, new symptoms, or mood symptoms that disrupt life need medical evaluation. Herbs and supplements can interact with medications or be unsafe in pregnancy.

immunosuppression | serious illness | premature infants

Gut Health - Evidence: established use

bee-product allergy | pollen allergy | pregnancy/breastfeeding

Bee Products - Evidence: traditional use

Magnesium is often discussed for leg discomfort or sleep, but restless-legs evidence is not the same as official magnesium intake guidance. | Caffeine may aggravate restless legs or sleep disruption in some people, especially later in the day. | B12 belongs in neurologic symptom review contexts, but restless legs should not be assumed to be a B12 issue without evaluation. | Folate supports red blood cell formation and neurologic context, but RLS symptoms require cause-based assessment rather than broad supplementation.

5 linked items - Restless legs symptoms should be evaluated for iron deficiency, kidney disease, neuropathy, sleep apnea, pregnancy, and medication triggers. Iron supplements should only be used after iron studies and clinician guidance.

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke - Acquired 2026-08-03 - Academic Review

Pregnancy high-dose caution | Liver toxicity risk with excess preformed vitamin A

Vitamin A - Liver, Fish, Eggs, Dairy products

Teratogenicity risk with excess in pregnancy | Avoid high-dose use unless medically indicated

Vitamin A - Supplements, Fortified foods, Some animal foods as retinyl esters

insomnia | anxiety | blood pressure medications | pregnancy/breastfeeding

Additional Bioactives - Evidence: emerging

bee-product allergy | asthma/allergy | pregnancy/breastfeeding

Bee Products - Evidence: traditional use

PubMed Central - Acquired 2026-07-26 - Academic Review

pregnancy/breastfeeding | mood medications

Additional Bioactives - Evidence: promising

pregnancy/breastfeeding | seizure disorder | concentrated essential oils

Herbs & Botanicals - Evidence: emerging

drug metabolism | pregnancy/breastfeeding

Herbs & Botanicals - Evidence: emerging

Food-Pattern Targets - Evidence: established use

Can exceed iodine UL | Thyroid disease and pregnancy contexts need careful review

Iodine - Kelp, Nori, Kombu, Wakame, Seaweed supplements

Valerian is used for sleep and relaxation, but can cause sedation and should be reviewed around alcohol, sedatives, driving, pregnancy, and surgery. | Chamomile tea is commonly used for relaxation, but concentrated products need caution with allergy, sedatives, anticoagulants, and pregnancy contexts. | Caffeine can disrupt sleep depending on dose, timing, sensitivity, and total daily intake. | Melatonin can help selected circadian-timing problems such as jet lag or delayed sleep-wake phase disorder, but it is not a general chronic-insomnia cure.

7 linked items - Sleep problems can reflect sleep apnea, stress, medication timing, caffeine, alcohol, pain, mood disorders, or medical conditions. Sedating supplements can interact with alcohol, driving, surgery, and medications.

product quality | liver disease | autoimmune disease | pregnancy/breastfeeding

Greens & Superfoods - Evidence: emerging

Ashwagandha has thyroid-disease cautions in the catalog and should not be treated as casual use in thyroid contexts. | Licorice can affect potassium, blood pressure, and corticosteroid-related contexts, which can overlap with endocrine medication concerns.

6 linked items - Thyroid disease, thyroid medication, pregnancy, infertility treatment, autoimmune disease, and high-dose iodine or kelp use require clinician guidance. Both too little and too much iodine can be problematic.

blood thinners | bleeding risk | surgery | gallbladder disease | pregnancy/breastfeeding

Antioxidants & Phytonutrients - Evidence: promising

sedatives | alcohol | driving | surgery | pregnancy/breastfeeding

Herbs & Botanicals - Evidence: emerging

The UL applies to preformed vitamin A, not beta-carotene from foods. | High preformed vitamin A intake can be especially concerning during pregnancy.

vitamin - RDA 900 µg RAE/day

Headache or dizziness | Nausea | Blurred vision | Bone pain | Liver injury risk

vitamin - High preformed vitamin A intake can be toxic and is especially important to avoid during pregnancy unless clinician-guided.

Increased bleeding tendency | Easy bruising | Higher concern with blood thinners | Possible hemorrhagic stroke risk at high supplemental intakes | Seek medical care promptly for unusual bleeding, black stools, severe bruising, or bleeding while using anticoagulant medication.

vitamin - Supplemental vitamin E needs caution with blood thinners or bleeding-risk conditions.

pregnancy/breastfeeding | blood thinners

Herbs & Botanicals - Evidence: traditional use